AFSCME Local 1, Washington, D.C.'s fight against racism

“Several years ago Marvin Fleming, at that time a WBR-3 Trash Collector in the Division of Sanitation, became the instrument through which one of the most deliberate and pernicious systems of racial discrimination in the District government was smashed.”

When I came across this letter, dated September 8, 1967, in the AFSCME Local 1: Washington, D.C. records, I immediately wanted to know more. Who was Marvin Fleming? What did he go through? Where is he now? How many other stories are out there of people smashing pernicious forms of discrimination that we don’t know about?

The letter continues with some clues: “Over the determined resistance of Mr. Roeder, Division Chief, and Mr. Redd, Chief of the Incineration and Trash Collection Branch, Mr. Fleming was able to receive on-the-job training as a Crane Operator without first serving an apprenticeship as a Weighmaster. He has since been the subject of repeated harassment.”

Marvin Fleming was a member AFSCME Government Workers Union Local 1, Washington, DC. The Local consisted of employees in Public Health, Public Welfare, Buildings and Grounds, and Sanitary Engineering.

Since at least 1960, the Local began to push hard against racist practices within the DC government employment. The April 1966 issue of AFSCME’s Public Employee magazine said, “…job discrimination was a basic fact of life…The Division of Sanitation was worst of all. Not even token steps had been made toward opening the higher grade, skilled jobs” [to Black men].

Warren Morse, business agent for the union who handled member grievances, noted in 1964 that most of the 1,600 sanitation workers in the District were Black, and yet the higher grade positions were primarily occupied by white men. For a long time, until the union got involved, there was no formal promotion policy at all, resulting in nepotism and the promotion of white workers far more often than Black workers. Morse charged that when white men were hired for entry-level jobs, they were assigned tasks like fetching coffee. They had extra time for on-the-job training to learn higher-skilled tasks, enabling them to be promoted. Meanwhile, Black workers completed the “dirty and arduous tasks” such as trash collection, sweeping floors, and cleaning trucks.

Correspondence within the collection reveals one of the higher skilled jobs was that of crane operator. To be a crane operator, you first needed a promotion to weighmaster. To be weighmaster, you had to know how to operate a crane. Since Black workers were not able to get that on-the-job training, they were effectively shut out of the promotion process. The union recommended a formal training program to make the higher grades accessible to all. Though the Sanitation Division initially agreed, they did not follow through until the Union pressed for it. Eventually, Fleming was able to get the training. As alluded to in the letter, he then was harassed by management with letters of reprimand for very questionable reasons. The records indicate he likely did get his promotion. But that’s about where the research case goes cold.

George Tillman, right, at the memorial march for Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, 1968.

Through the course of searching for Fleming, I also came across George Tillman. In the Public Employee article mentioned earlier, Tillman was described as a militant who was largely responsible for Local 1’s efforts to battle racism. He chaired a civil rights committee within the local, which first met in 1963 – about a week after the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The notes from that meeting stated a desire to capitalize on momentum from the March and address the issue of job discrimination. This small step of forming a civil rights committee was most likely a direct precursor for Marvin Fleming getting his promotion. Tillman became vice-president of Local 1 and later, when it was organized into District Council 20, he became president of the new Sanitation Local 2091.

No doubt there are stories like these from across the country. AFSCME members and others fighting injustice in small and big ways who don’t get much attention. People like George Tillman, the militant who led the union’s efforts against discrimination. And Marvin Fleming, the man who smashed one of the most deliberate and pernicious forms of racial discrimination in district government employment.

Stefanie Caloia is the Archivist for the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. If you have additional information on Marvin Fleming or George Tillman, please contact her!